Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The first saltwater tanks were Venetian goblet jars in which the Romans kept anemones outdoors, nevertheless these models were incredibly brief lived. The primary personal ocean fishkeeping began on a wider machine while in the 1950s, commencing by using the actual simple rectangular glass aquariums (usually something like 20 gallon), continue to popular today. Bleached coral along with a substrate associated with rough crushed coral had been your norm. Algae, which include advantageous varieties including coralline algae, had been thought of negatively and also were typically removed. The clean, sterile and clean fish tank has been viewed as the actual healthiest.

During the particular first nights with marine aquaria, deep sea ended up being compiled at local beaches. Natural ocean consists of many dangerous organisms and also pollutants. Aquarium books of that time period indicates that the mostly saved marine fish have been this percula clownfish, sergeant main damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish as well as scats, jeweled blennies, and also blue damsels. Aquariums had been prepared by great air flow compressors, plus were being to a great extent aerated and filtered (primarily by using undergravel filters, a norm to get some time).

An ever-growing quantity of hobbyists suffering from the particular inconvenience of getting organic ocean normal water along with the concurrent improvement regarding analytical hormones methods concluded in analysis into the substance makeup regarding sea water. Synthetic sodium mixes were formulated that will reproduce the particular chemical ecosystem with the particular exotic ocean, which includes trace factors along with salts. This advance designed marine fishkeeping favorite within areas without admittance to clean ocean water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers and reliable submersible electrical heaters had been invented in Germany. Various breakthroughs around filtration involved trickle in addition to hang-on filters, both permitting a far more pure equilibrium around the actual aquarium environment. The progression regarding fluorescent illumination systems to offer larger output, in conjunction with sheet metal halide lighting, enabled the first reef tanks, building the item feasible and keep corals along with other invertebrates with no herbal sunlight.

More useful chemical examining authorized aquarists to understand your substance houses associated with aquariums. By the actual 1980s, a biologically-based comprehension involving tips on how to retain an artificial ocean surroundings brought additional prosperous along with frequent marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine aquarium tank components

The important pieces are usually an aquarium, usually created from tumbler or acrylic, filtration equipment, lighting, as well as a great tank heater. Marine aquariums can collection in quantity from lower than 80 liters, (< something like 20 US gal) that will over 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small sizes are more difficult to hold as a result of extra rapid changes inside water chemistry. The most of deep sea aquariums tend to be somewhere between 160 in addition to 400 liters (40 along with 100 US gal).

Nano ocean aquarium taken care of at home

Types involving marine aquariums

Marine aquarists usually separate offshore aquariums straight into those housing perch only, people housing fish having survive rock, along with all those mainly created to help home corals and various invertebrates (also known as deep sea aquariums). Many sea food hobbyists additionally separate the particular varieties of saltwater tanks structured on the water temperatures at which often many people are kept.

Tropical marine

The a lot of widespread method of offshore fish tank, that warm marine tank, residences marine wildlife out of exotic climates. Usually kept concerning 24 to 28 certifications Celsius (76-82 F), these kinds of tanks include tropical offshore tanks, also since fish-only tanks. These tanks have a tendency to use a low concentrations involving infinitesimal plankton and various foods tried by way of sieve feeders. Most livestock for these aquariums usually are acquired through financial means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One of the additional obscure varieties regarding species of fish tanks, the coldwater marine tank, keeps bass regarding temperate climates, together with temps which range about 10 to be able to 24 degrees Celsius (5075F). While such tanks are not seeing that aesthetically pleasing when their warm counterparts, amazing varieties such while dahlia anemones and the opulent cowfish might be found. However most coldwater perch usually are bleak as well as unexciting inside color. Most bright colored species are simply inside the traditional western pacific. These tanks likewise usually need extra technique for you to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria are generally exceptional plus coldwater corals merely appear from great depths, hobbyists will be basically confined to help fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Since you can find almost no vendor available coldwater fish, hobbyists will often have to actually purchase specimens. The most usual technique of repeating this is usually by trolling or maybe seining. Unlike commercially offered sultry fish, whose conduct designs and also aquarium compatibilities are generally good documented, coldwater perch need a lot nearby ichthyology information as a way to retain them.

Many temperate sea food have got specific nearby eating habits requirements, though others, just like tautog (blackfish), will eat nearly almost any crustacean or perhaps frostbite foods. The blackfish probably should not often be kept using crabs and mollusks, while some other fish, for instance the particular oyster cracker toadfish, will conduct excellent with just about any sea food that is not smaller enough to suit into its mouth. Due to the idea currently being a real local hobby, only a few individuals proceed this route connected with regional tanks. However, there're much more cost-effective than saltwater tanks, more affordable along with simpler that will maintain, as well as your bass hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists begin at the young age, and it will require knowledge previous to one can possibly productively measure the match-ups with the seafood with your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live good ole' is good ole' that have been within that ocean, consists of limestone and also decomposing barrier skeleton, generally close to a barrier ocean like when individuals all over Fiji, and is particularly usually insured together with beneficial algae, coralline and also tiny invertebrates plus bacteria which are appealing within the particular aquarium. Some samples of the microfauna typically determined on dwell steel tend to be crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, and an occasional marine urchin, seaside anemone, coral, and marine sponge. Also, in case the particular aquarist is definitely unlucky, your mantis shrimp. Bristleworms are also common, a lot of of which, whilst unattractive, are not damaging and are also helpful scavengers; some variety is usually pests, however. The accessory connected with live rock and roll is actually on the list of very best solutions to make sure a normal aquarium, for the reason that are i nsane presents some sort of barrier to maintain huge pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity can often be known by just a instead perplexing term, "carbonate hardness", as well as KH. This is frequently measured throughout "degrees" (dKH) or meq/L.

The microfauna determined upon live steel are usually detrivores plus herbivores (as they will take algae and seafood waste), and offer seafood having a natural, attractive shelter. Live rock and roll usually gets there from on the internet agents seeing that "uncured", and should be quarantined inside a split aquarium even though undergoing your is necessary process, which in turn involves your inescapable die-off connected with a number the actual rock's residents as well as the subsequent generation of unfavorable ammonia and also nitrite. Live are insane which is by now put right is usually offered at nearly all pet retailers of which serve saltwater. Live crushed lime stone is related to stay are insane as well as being each desirable.

Filtration

A new sump having several compartments which includes a protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums have far more sophisticated filtration conditions compared to many freshwater aquariums. The various factors usually incorporate Wet and also dry out filters plus Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers are generally products in which get rid of pure materials before their own degradation, and so are in addition very beneficial in marine aquariums. Protein skimming can also be used within the well-liked Berlin technique in which banks on survive rock, and recurrent partial normal water adjustments that will break down and remove waste materials products. The Berlin process contains large amounts of reside steel getting bundled in the aquarium. The principle connected with browse is actually 1/2 - a single lb. per just one US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg each 4 liters).

Some marine aquariums additionally include some sort of refugium and/or some sort of sump. Refugiums are usually small storage units and also aquariums which can be concealed powering and also under the main aquarium along with associated with the idea by way of a new drinking water pump. Refugiums have not too long ago come to be very popular among reef aquarists general health are available to assist many requirements including incorporating drinking water level or providing a new fish-free site intended for neurological purification within survive are a blast and/or this sandbed. Fish-free refugiums usually are particular to populations regarding copepods, amphipods, isopods and other zooplankton. The sump could include a variety of compartments, each and every with its very own filtration material. Often, heaters, thermostats, as well as protein skimmers are put in your sump.

Lighting

A DIY shiny halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical illumination will be used in aquariums for you to replicate time plus night. This is helpful regarding fish and invertebrates given it establishes a routine, enables these to rest, plus creates them sense much more secure. The light utilized alters depending on your inhabitants belonging to the aquarium. Typically, any type of lights for aquariums along with sea food simply is certainly unimportant. In aquariums that contains invertebrates, however, where algal expansion (of each free-living along with symbiotic algae) is usually desired, additional intense light is definitely required. There are numerous types of lamps available: a number of common forms contain fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), compact fluorescent, LED plus shiny halide. Actinic equipment and lighting create a heavy orange spectrum which is designed to imitate this major wavelength regarding lighting one or two metres below the ocean's surface.

Many various solutions help to make diverse statements concerning what type of lighting effects strategy is the particular best. In reality, every single technology or variation features unique rewards along with disadvantages. The a lot of primitive lighting effects source is pure sunlight. This is merely efficient with spots near the equator because the actual depth associated with natural light can be greatest there. Efficiently employing organic the sun's rays requires intricate setting up and, while such, this kind of technique can be applied on exclusively number one deep sea systems.

The next step up inside technologies is usually incandescent lamps. These are very wasteful of energy, delivering among 15 along with 30 lumens per watt of strength (Out on the possible 683 lumens per watt pertaining to a great gentle source). Standard fluorescent lamps provide a great improvement through incandescents. There tend to be better shade heat obtainable in fluorescent tubes which can be extra suitable to aquariums when compared with the ones from regular light source bulb. They are also extra efficient, averaging in between 92 % of in addition to 95 lumens per watt. The disadvantage in regular fluorescent lights is that they wouldn't have the intensity for you to sink into into further aquariums.

There can be a number of increased changes of fluorescent technology. The principal kinds became huge end result (VHO), electric power sleek and stylish fluorescent (PC), in addition to T-5 high end product (HO). VHO table lamps are fluorescent lights run during larger strength levels, typically related to some occasions the actual normal wattage for any provided bulb length. They hold the advantage of high easy output, nevertheless the large diameter light sources limit the particular performance of reflectors. PC lighting style is usually as well high-power fluorescent lighting, nevertheless the light sources are folded helping put more tubes in the assigned space. The end result with PC lights usually are reduced simply by unproductive reflector designs.

VHO along with PC bulbs are also rather overpriced that will replace. T-5 HO lighting will be this newest edition on fluorescent lights. They are usually work at somewhat higher electricity concentrations as compared to standard fluorescent lamps, although are made a lot thinner. This allows for additional efficient reflector designs that acquire a lot more gentle into your aquarium. Because with this, excellent quality T-5 techniques frequently match or even meet or exceed the actual result connected with equivalent stream-lined fluorescent or VHO lighting fixtures. All forms associated with fluorescent lighting style offer the identical efficiency in lumens each watt; it is the shape in the bulb as well as reflectors that will can make their all round outputs different.

Metal halide signals include the next level upward coming from fluorescent technology. Metal halides develop in relation to 90-100 lumens per watt associated with power. This is estimated the same as fluorescent. The improvement together with sheet metal halides is them to completely focus that light source end result in to a microscopic space, although fluorescent signals evenly light up the entire aquarium. This is sometimes called stage origin lighting, it is what leads to that rippling vision effect on several sophisticated aquarium setups. This attentiveness regarding light productivity increases the intensity, allowing metal halide lamps to obtain a large amount of light source to help also the very bottom concentrations of most aquariums. Metal halides can be found in many coloring temperature , out of 6500 K approximately 20,000 K, though incandescent bulbs as excessive because 50,000 K are often found. The downsides of metal halide light is the cost and the heat produced.

Most sheet metal halide features are definitely when compared with twice the buying price of an comparative wattage fluorescent system, though selling prices have begun that will drop in latest years. Halide flashlights focus warm as well as gentle output. The exterior of the operating table lamp will become sizzling ample to cause next as well as lastly qualification burns instantly, so this particular illumination engineering has to be used with caution. The heat produced could also warm that fish tank in order to unacceptable levels, often necessitating the application of a chiller. The nearly all recent accessory to the list involving aquarium tank lighting effects technologies is LED lighting. These have the probable to become considerably more efficient as compared to another technology, nonetheless haven't nevertheless grow to be hence owing to troubles of he ating dissipation. LED's have the edge connected with stage source lighting, but will be likewise totally dimmable with any power level. This enables more innovative light schedules, perhaps your simulation of cloud cover. So far, LED's have realized use mostly while lunar lighting.

When taking into account light for a great aquarium, you can find normally two reasons to help consider: wattage in addition to coloring temperature. Depending about the form of light (i.e. fluorescents, shiny halide, etc) the wattage regarding mild provided can vary greatly considerably, from tens of watts to be able to various hundred watts inside a illumination system. Wattage, whilst not indicative of color, is comparable to electrical power and also fundamentally determines just how brightly the actual mild could shine. Due on the spreading with light with water, the lower a person's aquarium is, extra highly effective this lighting required. Color temperature, tested in kelvins (albeit a little bit unrepresentively) looks at the colour connected with light source getting emitted from the lamp it is according to the idea connected with blackbody radiation. Ligh t in the sun features a colour temperature involving approximately 5900 K plus lighting systems along with coloration heat >5000 K tend to be best to get expanding plants in both the marine and freshwater setting. 10,000 K light source appears bluish-white and also highlights coloration around which they and also corals. Higher upward on the particular pole you can find 14,000 K and 20,000 K bulbs in which generate some sort of deep glowing blue tint that mimic the lighting conditions underseas, generating an optimal feel to get invertebrates as well as livestock present.

Heating

Most marine aquarium tank people are generally endemic in order to tropical reefs and marine environments within Africa, Southeast Asia, as well as the Red Sea. Marine tank temps must copy this environment with the inhabitants and so are normally maintained at 23 to 28 amounts Celsius (73-82 F). In parts the place that the ambient temp is actually not as much as the particular desired heat range of the aquarium the following normally necessitates utilization of an aquarium heater. In a number of regions ambient temperature is in excess of the required temp as well as refrigeration devices, also known as "chillers", widely-used that will great that aquarium water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists commonly test the actual waters inside the aquarium for just a a number of element symptoms with mineral water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, a distant relative assess involving water density, is usually maintained between 1.020 and 1.024 inside aquariums by using fish only, and 1.023 as well as 1.026 intended for aquariums that contain invertebrates. Salinity will need to thus end up being between twenty eight and thirty five PPT, while using larger ideals staying useful within innovative offshore systems. Because salinity is definitely by simply definition right connected to unique gravity, together is often screened with an inexpensive hydrometer or perhaps refractometer.

pH must be retained between 8.1 and 8.3. This is usually brought up using a commercially on the market streaming adviser or through calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate solidity (KH) ought to be concerning 8 plus 12 degrees connected with carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor may help with retaining each pH in addition to carbonate hardness. Using purified waters at a reverse osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) component can certainly stop KH and pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen spiral looks at the particular conversion process with toxic ammonia for you to nitrite last but not least nitrate. While fish waste materials (urine in addition to feces) along with decaying topic discharge ammonia, nearly all ammonia unveiled (approximately 60%) in both marine along with fresh water aquariums can be excreted right to the waters from the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification converts the particular ammonia in to nitrite ions, NO2-, after which you can in order to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate will be effortlessly used up along with assimilated by algae as well as hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is actually transformed by way of an anaerobic bacterial progression to help free nitrogen, however repayment is rather tricky to maintain. In that recent past, most nitrate, that's less poisonous to be able to within a and quite a few invertebrates compared to nitrites, acquired in the water right up until ?t had been physically taken out by way of normal water change. However, many marine aquarists at the moment are using the application of a special section of your aquarium or split aquarium altogether, identified as a new "refugium." A refugium is, since their label suggests, a sheltered area that stocks drinking water considering the primary, and also display, tank. Refugiums commonly include a deeply crushed stone cargo area permitting anoxic specific zones in order to produce within these people where anaerobic bacteria can convert nitrate into nitrogen gas, a good ways of nitrate removal. Various kinds of macroalgae is often grown in addition to harvested from the refugium when an additional method of nitrate export. As refugiums grow to be more established throughout marine aquaria, nitrate degrees will be very easily controllable to get possibly this inexperienced hobbyist. Ammonia and also nitrite needs to be screened regularly; any detectable degrees (i.e., through 0 ppm) can be indicative of any prob lem. Nitrates should not necessarily meet or exceed only two ppm around deep sea tanks, or perhaps something like 20 ppm around fish-only tanks. It is sometimes ideal to acquire a little volume of nitrate buildup, while a few livestock, in particular fish, are generally quite tolerant of nitrate. Most corals, although capable of assimilate nitrate, is not supposed to survive, fewer thrive, together with large nitrate concentrations.

Other indicated lab tests contain all those pertaining to calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, as well as other trace elements. It is often valuable (and necessary) for your aquarist to study your mineral water chemistry boundaries for that particular organism that may be desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation is a procedure that is certainly completed while adding new marine living to help an aquarium, particularly intended for invertebrates, who deficiency osmoregulation. This process slowly but surely highlights your organisms into the water make up in the brand-new environment, avoiding shock producing from abrupt modifications around water chemistry. There are several various strategies for carrying out this, including the make use of some sort of drip line, or perhaps of a computing goblet or maybe other machine in order to slowly mix waters from your tank gas tank suitable bottle when using the different animal.

Water changes

Water changes certainly are a staple of very good deep sea maintenance. Larger (approximately two hundred gallon) aquariums are usually extra stable and mineral water changes may well not will need to consider location in the event the nitrogen spiral possesses thoroughly established alone within the tank, though this can be a questionable report concerning aquarists. Water changes are used to be able to maintain steadiness of calcium, carbonate alkalinity, plus magnesium that are usually immediately taken around a new saltwater aquarium, though also maintaining concentrations with alternative know elements in addition seeing that deleting noxious solutes which will could gather coming from a number of options and therefore are struggle to become eliminated through possibly advanced purification methods. Supplements are usually needed (such as calcium) when usual drinking water improvements alone aren't able to maintain adequate levels, mainly these involving calcium, carbona te, and magnesium. Water adjustments entail removing some sort of tiny proportion with the total volume in the aquarium, replacing this mineral water by using innovative pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed offshore have been dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically having an additive including bisulfite or even through filtering. Water really should be exposed to similar temps whenever more than a 5% modify will be occurring. Salinity have to go with that of the aquarium, or become dosed really little by little if changing the salinity. Aging along with aerating saltwater (such because in a very suitable container using a powerhead or perhaps airstone) is actually advised since great perform to permit the pH to stabilize.

Replacement normal water must be belonging to the exact same form as the aquarium, no matter if them often be reverse osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or even coming from a municipal supply, so that they can prevent profound changes in mineral water chemistry. In situations wherever some may be upgrading a faucet water-based salt combination with a reverse osmosis-based salt mix, your alternative water need to be included slowly but surely over the training course involving a long time in order to avoid giving the aquarium tank residents into osmotic shock. However, large water alterations may not be cautioned beneath routine instances anyways, so it is actually irrelevant. Municipal, as well as engage water, is not really recommended for just a marine fish tank as it normally contains high degrees of nitrates, phosphates, and silicates and other dissolved solids that fuel this growing involving nuisance algaes, especially diatoms, that appears like a rust colored pow dery algae and increases in the overabundance involving silicates present in many engage water. Water filtered by way of a three stage procedure as well as mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, as well as de-ionizing factors is definitely recommended seeing that this could present favored path to unquestionably pure water. Four in addition to Five stage RO/DI filtration gadgets can be obtained to get as little as $100 and are a cheap indicates of converting faucet water straight into mineral water usable in the marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost almost all species kept with marine aquaria presently are generally captured inside wild, however tank-raised individuals are becoming progressively more common while a sensible alternative. Only one or two types such as clownfish are captive-bred with a commercial scale. Much collecting is complete inside Indonesia as well as the Philippines, where using cyanide and various destructive selection methods, though discouraged, will be regrettably common. The tastes live are insane is also prepared throughout this wild, and latest restrictions on this subject harvest in Florida possess prompted a transfer in order to Fijian plus aquacultured rock. Natural rock, so it is produced through coral polyps, uses many years or else centuries to help form, and is an essential home intended for countless marine species; thus, commercial-scale enjoying associated with naturally-occurring dwell rock possesses happen to be criticized by conservationists. Additionally, many puppy race offered to hobbyists have really certain nutritional plus habitat specifications that can not be attained by simply hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, the moorish idol); these kind of wildlife pretty much certainly stop functioning speedily and get markedly lessened lifespans when compared to crazy specimens. Often these kind of unique enviromentally friendly specifications result in improperly housed lifestock's coloring plus appearance to get poor. These problems will often be downplayed by folks and institutions with a economical curiosity about the trade. Hobbyists exactly who help support resource efficiency should buy only certified net-caught bass (although making certain the legitimacy connected with such cases is often difficult) or maybe captive-raised fish, in addition to farmed corals and to support legitimate saltwater efficiency efforts. The most of corals could be "fragged", whereby an area of any greater captive coral is definitely segregated and can co nsequently become increased directly into an personal specimen, allowing for coral propagation within your domestic aquarium; this trade in frags (i.e. fragments) provides a wonderful possibility intended for marine aquarists to receive different as well as unique corals although limiting this impact on the organic environment. Rare kinds along with these and not using a track record connected with becoming successfully kept within captivity must be avoided.

Commercial front

Various firms have brought a commercial entrance to help fishkeeping, probably the greatest appearing Marineland, Inc. With the advent with huge level company procedures focusing on mating significant numbers involving specimens, marine fishkeeping is now much more popular than ever before. Perhaps the main turndown with marine fishkeeping will be the primary set up cost. A hundred US gallon (400 L) ocean gas tank full connected with coral and products might price more than $2,500 US. Aside in the difficulty, this is certainly a large factor that explain why freshwater fishkeeping holds so common with regards to their marine counterpart.

References plus further reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by way of Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by way of Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by way of Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to help Selection, Care along with Compatibility, by Anthony Calfo along with Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, in addition to Natural History, by Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by means of John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish and Aquaria: Marine on the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, a Reef Keeping wiki maintained because of the Marine Aquarium Societies associated with Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, a site giving information, specifications, opinions and DIY Plans with regard to Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, your web site presenting facts plus providing sources for any coldwater marine fish tank hobbyist

v d e

Aquarium plus fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater fish tank Marine aquarium tank Brackish water aquarium Community container Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium tools in addition to furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep crushed lime stone truck bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood in addition to Driftwood Airstone Live are insane Substrate Fishcam Aquarium perch feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy fish Dither sea food Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical species of fish Coldwater sea food Painted fish

Fish food

Flake foodstuff Feeder perch Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List connected with freshwater fish tank bass species List associated with fresh water tank grow kinds List connected with freshwater aquarium tank invertebrate kinds List involving marine tank bass species List of brackish aquarium tank species of fish species List of fish tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning triggers Reef protected MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium associated companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles having more suggestions from July two thousand and seven | All content needing supplemental references | All content articles using unsourced claims | Articles together with unsourced assertions from December 2008 | Articles made up of video tutorial clips

Oceanic Aquarium