Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The first deep sea tanks were being Venetian goblet jars where by your Romans retained anemones outdoors, however all these models have been pretty limited lived. The first personalized saltwater fishkeeping begun on the broader weighing machine in the 1950s, starting up when using the essential square tumbler aquariums (usually thirty gallon), still popular today. Bleached coral together with a substrate of coarse crushed coral were the actual norm. Algae, as well as helpful kinds these as coralline algae, have been considered in a wrong way along with had been normally removed. The clean, sterile and clean fish tank was considered this healthiest.

During the beginning days associated with marine aquaria, saltwater was collected during regional beaches. Natural saltwater includes a lot of excess organisms plus pollutants. Aquarium booklets of that time period indicates the fact that most often kept marine perch had been the particular percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish and also scats, jeweled blennies, and also blue damsels. Aquariums were pre-loaded with substantial air compressors, and were closely aerated in addition to filtered (primarily by using undergravel filters, a usual for a lot of time).

An ever-growing number of hobbyists suffering from the inconvenience with meeting normal beach water as well as the concurrent advancement of analytical hormone balance techniques resulted in research in to the substance make up associated with marine water. Synthetic salt mixes were made for you to replicate the actual element environment associated with that tropical ocean, like trace elements as well as salts. This improvement manufactured marine fishkeeping well-known inside areas not having access to clean marine water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers and also efficient submersible electric heaters ended up invented in Germany. Various breakthroughs in filtration included trickle and also hang-on filters, together allowing for a more organic equilibrium from the aquarium environment. The progress of fluorescent lighting style technology to provide higher output, coupled with metal halide lighting, made it possible for the initial reef tanks, defining it as doable to stay corals as well as other invertebrates devoid of normal sunlight.

More useful chemical testing authorized aquarists to know the compound houses of aquariums. By the particular 1980s, a new biologically-based comprehension of easy methods to keep an man made ocean setting brought more productive and widespread marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine aquarium tank components

The major elements will be a great aquarium, generally created from tumbler as well as acrylic, filtration equipment, lighting, along with a strong aquarium tank heater. Marine aquariums can collection throughout volume from less than 80 liters, (< something like 20 US gal) to around 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small sizes tend to be more tough in order to retain from the more fast adjustments with water chemistry. The flavor ocean aquariums will be between 160 and 400 liters (40 plus 100 US gal).

Nano offshore aquarium maintained at home

Types associated with marine aquariums

Marine aquarists normally break down ocean aquariums in to those people property fish only, those housing species of fish by using survive rock, plus individuals primarily built to residence corals along with other invertebrates (also called ocean aquariums). Many seafood hobbyists in addition partition the forms of saltwater tanks depending on the water temp where they're kept.

Tropical marine

The most familiar sort of saltwater fish tank, the actual exotic marine tank, stores marine animals from sultry climates. Usually held concerning 24 to 28 college diplomas Celsius (76-82 F), these tanks include tropical deep sea tanks, as well as fish-only tanks. These tanks are likely to use a decreased concentrations associated with microscopic plankton as well as other foods eaten by simply sift feeders. Most livestock intended for these aquariums tend to be acquired through commercial means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One in the far more obscure types of seafood tanks, this coldwater marine tank, keeps sea food regarding temperate climates, with temperature varying all-around 10 to be able to twenty four certifications Celsius (5075F). While such tanks are certainly not while visually agreeable while their sultry counterparts, multi-colored race just like dahlia anemones as well as opulent cowfish may be found. However many coldwater perch are usually gray or dull inside color. Most multi-colored species are simply in the traditional western pacific. These tanks likewise tend to be able to require extra expertise in order to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria usually are rare as well as coldwater corals simply occur at great depths, hobbyists usually are mainly confined to fish, crustaceans plus mollusks. Since there are almost no in a commercial sense on the market coldwater fish, hobbyists ordinarily have to be able to physically purchase specimens. The most familiar approach of doing it is by simply trolling or seining. Unlike commercially offered sultry fish, whose tendencies habits and tank compatibilities are generally well documented, coldwater perch demand much nearby ichthyology know-how to be able to maintain them.

Many temperate perch have distinct area eating routine requirements, while others, such as tautog (blackfish), will eat nearly crustacean or even frosty foods. The blackfish probably should not possibly be placed with crabs in addition to mollusks, whilst some other fish, much like the oyster party cracker toadfish, will do very good together with virtually any seafood that may be not necessarily little adequate to suit straight into their mouth. Due to the item staying a real localized hobby, definitely not many people go this route of nearby tanks. However, there're a lot more cost-effective when compared with ocean tanks, more affordable as well as less difficult to be able to maintain, as well as the species of fish hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists begin for a young age, in addition to you will need experience before one can efficiently gauge the match ups belonging to the sea food in the area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live steel is definitely steel which was in that ocean, consisting of limestone along with decomposing barrier skeleton, usually all over a coral offshore for example those people about Fiji, and it is normally dealt with by using beneficial algae, coralline along with tiny invertebrates and acne bacteria which can be attractive in the aquarium. Some degrees of the microfauna commonly observed on dwell rock will be crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, and an intermittent ocean urchin, seashore anemone, coral, and ocean sponge. Also, should the aquarist is unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms are generally furthermore common, the majority of which, though unattractive, may not be detrimental and they are useful scavengers; some species is usually pests, however. The supplement of stay are a blast is actually one of several greatest ways to ensure a healthy aquarium, because the rock supplies a stream to take care of high pH (8.0-8.3), a lkalinity, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity is frequently known by way of a somewhat difficult term, "carbonate hardness", or even KH. This is often calculated in "degrees" (dKH) or maybe meq/L.

The microfauna determined about survive rock and roll are usually detrivores and also herbivores (as some people eat algae and fish waste), and provide sea food which includes a natural, attractive shelter. Live are a blast ordinarily arrives from on the net marketers when "uncured", along with should be quarantined from a split container while undergoing this is necessary process, which involves your expected die-off of some of the actual rock's population as well as the following production connected with unsuitable ammonia and nitrite. Live rock that has already been put right is accessible during most pet suppliers that will help saltwater. Live sand is comparable to reside steel and it is each desirable.

Filtration

A brand new sump with three pockets which includes a protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums have more complex filtration conditions as compared with a lot of freshwater aquariums. The several pieces usually comprise Wet along with dried filters as well as Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers usually are equipment which remove organic compounds earlier than their degradation, and therefore are furthermore extremely useful in marine aquariums. Protein skimming is furthermore utilized in the widely accepted Berlin method this will depend on reside rock, and occasional part mineral water improvements to degrade and remove spend products. The Berlin process relies with volumes connected with stay are a blast being within the aquarium. The guideline is 1/2 - 1 lb. every 1 US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg every five liters).

Some marine aquariums in addition include a refugium and/or some sort of sump. Refugiums are usually smaller pots or aquariums this are usually hidden guiding or within the main aquarium and powering it via some sort of water pump. Refugiums have a short while ago become quite popular between deep sea aquarists simply because works extremely well in order to serve several purposes like introducing mineral water volume or furnishing a fish-free web site intended for biological filtration with are living are a blast and/or that sandbed. Fish-free refugiums are sponsor for you to populations of copepods, amphipods, isopods and also other zooplankton. The sump may perhaps contain a variety of compartments, every featuring its own filtration material. Often, heaters, thermostats, plus protein skimmers tend to be turned to the particular sump.

Lighting

A DIY shiny halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical lights can be used around aquariums to be able to mimic day time and night. This is helpful regarding sea food along with invertebrates as it establishes a routine, permits these folks to rest, plus helps make these people sense a lot more secure. The lights utilized ranges depending on that inhabitants with the aquarium. Typically, the kind associated with lighting style for aquariums along with fish just is regarded as unimportant. In aquariums containing invertebrates, however, where algal expansion (of each free-living and symbiotic algae) can be desired, more rigorous lighting effects is actually required. There a variety of styles with lights available: many widespread sorts comprise fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), small fluorescent, LED as well as steel halide. Actinic equipment and lighting make a heavy azure variety fashioned to help duplicate the dominant wavelength connected with light a number of metres below the actual ocean's su rface.

Many various options produce various claims regarding which kind of lighting product the best. In reality, just about every technological innovation and also variation has its own advantages and disadvantages. The almost all primitive lighting resource is definitely herbal sunlight. This is only successful within areas on the equator since the concentration regarding the sun's rays is definitely best there. Efficiently utilizing natural sunlight necessitates complicated planning and, seeing that such, this process is employed about simply that most significant ocean systems.

The following raise inside technologies is actually incandescent lamps. These are extremely wasteful with energy, generating between 15 along with 30 lumens each watt of electricity (Out with your possible 683 lumens for every watt pertaining to the best gentle source). Standard fluorescent table lamps provide a good growth over incandescents. There are superior color temperatures easily obtainable in fluorescent tubes which have been extra best suited for you to aquariums when compared with all those of standard light source bulb. They can also be additional efficient, averaging in between three months along with ninety five lumens per watt. The drawback to be able to regular fluorescent gizmos usually they can't contain the concentration to help penetrate into more completely aquariums.

There undoubtedly are a amount of improved changes of fluorescent technology. The principal ones are very huge productivity (VHO), strength tight fluorescent (PC), along with T-5 substantial productivity (HO). VHO table lamps are generally fluorescent lamps operate at increased strength levels, commonly three instances the conventional wattage for a given light bulb length. They possess the good thing about huge gentle output, however the greater diameter lights restrict the actual performance involving reflectors. PC lighting effects is also high-power fluorescent lighting, however the lamps are creased / folded to put additional tubes from a given space. The productivity regarding PC lighting unit will be diminished by simply disfunctional reflector designs.

VHO and also PC lamps are also rather expensive to replace. T-5 HO lighting is also the most up-to-date edition upon fluorescent lights. They are function at a little bigger electricity levels compared to normal fluorescent lamps, although are manufactured significantly thinner. This provides for more efficient reflector designs that acquire more mild in the aquarium. Because associated with this, higher quality T-5 programs often match or even go over this output connected with equivalent compact fluorescent or even VHO illumination fixtures. All different types of fluorescent light offer a similar efficiency in lumens for every watt; it is the contour with the bulb in addition to reflectors that can make their all round results different.

Metal halide lighting is the following amount up through fluorescent technology. Metal halides generate regarding 90-100 lumens each watt of power. This is usually about like fluorescent. The advancement along with steel halides is the fact that they focus the following mild output into a microscopic space, whereas fluorescent gizmos equally illuminate the overall aquarium. This is normally known as stage supply lighting, which is precisely what reasons that rippling visual impact on countless advanced fish tank setups. This attention of easy productivity increases the intensity, making it possible for sheet metal halide flashlights to get a many mild to also the very base concentrations involving a lot of aquariums. Metal halides can be bought in many colour temps , from 6500 K up to 20,000 K, nevertheless lights as high as 50,000 K are occasionally found. The downsides regarding metallic halide lighting style are the cost and also the heat produced.

Most sheet metal halide features are more than two times the purchase price of an equal wattage fluorescent system, although price ranges include commenced for you to fall within recently available years. Halide flashlights concentrate warm and also light source output. The exterior involving a good operating table lamp gets to be scorching enough for you to induce second or third degree uses up instantly, so this particular illumination technologies needs to be made use of using caution. The warm made can easily likewise comfortable the actual aquarium tank in order to unpleasant levels, frequently necessitating the usage of a new chiller. The many current improvement to the set of aquarium illumination technologies can be LED lighting. These have this po tential being considerably more useful as compared with any other technology, nevertheless never have nevertheless turn out to be so on account of problems associated with heating dissipation. LED's contain the good thing about position source lighting, but can also be totally dimmable from any kind of strength level. This allows for more innovative light schedules, also the simulation regarding cloud cover. So far, LED's have identified make use of largely as lunar lighting.

When taking into consideration illumination pertaining to an aquarium, you'll find usually a couple of variables to be able to consider: wattage and color temperature. Depending about the style regarding lighting (i.e. fluorescents, metallic halide, etc) the actual wattage with light emitted are different considerably, through tens regarding watts to a number of hundred watts within a lighting system. Wattage, although it is not indicative of color, is similar to energy and also effectively can determine the way gaily your gentle will certainly shine. Due towards the scattering of gentle inside water, your more deeply your tank is, greater powerful that lighting required. Color temperature, assessed throughout kelvins (albeit a bit unrepresentively) relates towards colouring of gentle becoming provided by that light fixture and is particularly dependant on the style with blackbody radiation. Light from sunlight is known for a colour temperature regarding approximately 5900 K in addition to lights systems together with color temperatures >5000 K tend to be greatest intended for developing plants around both marine plus freshwater setting. 10,000 K gentle shows up bluish-white along with draws attentions to coloration throughout which they as well as corals. Higher in place to the array presently there tend to be 14,000 K and also 20,000 K bulbs which produces a deep random world tint which will imitate the particular lights disorders underseas, developing a strong ideal atmosphere for invertebrates and animals present.

Heating

Most marine fish tank people are generally endemic in order to sultry reefs along with seas around Africa, Southeast Asia, as well as Red Sea. Marine tank temperature have to simulate this natural environment of the population and are also usually serviced at twenty three to twenty eight degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In regions the location where the background temperature is usually a lot less than the specified temperature of the aquarium the following generally necessitates the employment of an aquarium tank heater. In a few regions ambient heat range can be a lot more than your desired temperature and also refrigeration devices, also known as "chillers", are used to be able to cool the actual aquarium tank water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists normally test out the lake around the tank for your wide range regarding compound indicators with mineral water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, a family member determine with water density, is definitely normally serviced in between 1.020 in addition to 1.024 around aquariums together with species of fish only, along with 1.023 and also 1.026 intended for aquariums made up of invertebrates. Salinity ought to for that reason often be between twenty eight plus 35 PPT, when using the greater values being beneficial with advanced ocean systems. Because salinity is definitely by distinction specifically linked to specific gravity, equally might be screened together with an inexpensive hydrometer or refractometer.

pH really should be maintained involving 8.1 and also 8.3. This can be raised which includes a vendor available buffering realtor or through calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate hardness (KH) ought to be among 8 as well as 12 examples of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor will help with maintaining both equally pH along with carbonate hardness. Using pure water at a reverse osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) device might avoid KH as well as pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen cycle describes the alteration involving toxic ammonia to be able to nitrite and finally nitrate. While fish waste materials (urine along with feces) plus decaying matter release ammonia, nearly all ammonia introduced (approximately 60%) around both marine plus freshwater aquariums will be excreted specifically into the mineral water from the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification converts that ammonia directly into nitrite ions, NO2-, after which in order to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is usually easily absorbed plus assimilated by simply algae and hermatypic corals. Some nitrate can be transformed through a strong anaerobic bacterial method to cost-free nitrogen, but this technique can be quite difficult in order to maintain. In the actual recently available past, nearly all nitrate, that is certainly a lesser amount of poisonous to be able to which they and quite a few invertebrates as compared to nitrites, built up inside water till it had been a ctually taken off by way of water change. However, many marine aquarists can be putting to use the use of its own portion of this fish tank or even separate tank altogether, labeled a "refugium." A refugium is, as its brand suggests, a new sheltered area this gives you mineral water with all the primary, or display, tank. Refugiums generally include a deep crushed lime stone mattress permitting anoxic zones for you to grow within these folks where anaerobic acne bacteria might change nitrate into nitrogen gas, a good means associated with nitrate removal. Various sorts of macroalgae can be harvested plus harvested from the refugium as another means of nitrate export. As refugiums come to be more prevalent in marine aquaria, nitrate levels are very easily possible pertaining to perhaps the particular novice hobbyist. Ammonia along with nitrite need to be analyzed regularly; any detectable concentrations (i.e., through 0 ppm) could be indicative of an problem. Nitrates need to definitely not exceed 2 ppm throughout reef tanks, or even twenty ppm in fish-only tanks. It might possibly be acceptable to acquire a little degree of nitrate buildup, as some livestock, specially fish, are pretty tolerant associated with nitrate. Most corals, even though capable that will assimilate nitrate, cannot be anticipated to survive, a reduced amount of thrive, with excessive nitrate concentrations.

Other proposed tests include things like all those pertaining to calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, along with other search for elements. It can often be useful (and necessary) for that aquarist that will research water chemistry boundaries for your unique affected individual that is desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation can be a process that may be executed while adding fresh marine your life to help a strong aquarium, specially for invertebrates, who don't have any osmoregulation. This method slowly and gradually highlights the particular organisms for the waters structure of the new environment, keeping surprise resulting from sudden adjustments around water chemistry. There are many different strategies of undertaking this, like using a new drip line, or even of an measuring goblet or alternative device to slowly blend water through the aquarium fish tank in to a new container when using the brand new animal.

Water changes

Water improvements are a staple with very good saltwater maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums will be far more steady along with waters alterations might definitely not have to happen should the nitrogen routine includes totally set up themselves inside tank, despite the fact that this is the debatable statement involving aquarists. Water changes are widely-used to hold steadiness of calcium, carbonate alkalinity, and also magnesium which are immediately reduced within a reef aquarium, while additionally sustaining degrees of various other trace things in the process since deleting deadly solutes that might pile up coming from various solutions and they are unable to possibly be taken away by simply even advanced purification methods. Supplements usually are essential (such while calcium) when frequent water adjustments on your own cannot to hold adequate levels, particularly individuals of calcium, carbonate, and magnesium. Water improvements need extract ing a little bit in the total quantity on the aquarium, replacing of which normal water by using new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed offshore has become dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically by using an ingredient these when bisulfite or through filtering. Water should often be delivered to exactly the same temperature when greater than a 5% alter will be occurring. Salinity must match in which on the aquarium, or even end up being dosed very slowly but surely in case altering that salinity. Aging and aerating saltwater (such as with a bucket having a powerhead or airstone) can be recommended when very good perform to allow the actual pH to be able to stabilize.

Replacement drinking water ought to be regarding identical source because aquarium, whether it possibly be opposite osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or from the municipal supply, so that they can steer clear of profound modifications throughout water chemistry. In cases in which one is exchanging some sort of tap water-based salt mix that has a change osmosis-based salt mix, the substitute normal water should be additional slowly with the study course of a number of working hours to avoid transmitting your aquarium inhabitants in to osmotic shock. However, substantial water improvements are certainly not suggested below schedule instances anyways, hence this can be really irrelevant. Municipal, as well as faucet water, isn't recommended for any marine fish tank as it normally is made up of high degrees of nitrates, phosphates, in addition to silicates along with dissolved solids which in turn fuel your progress of pest algaes, specially diatoms, which appears for a co rrode coloured powdery algae and also grows up inside overabundance with silicates present in all engage water. Water filtered by way of a some step practice as well as mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, and also de-ionizing features can be encouraged because this kind of provide the easiest road to certainly absolute water. Four plus Five cycle RO/DI filtration gadgets may be attained intended for as little as $100 and are also an expense helpful way of changing tap drinking water into mineral water practical in a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost many species kept with marine aquaria right now are found from the wild, even though tank-raised specimens are getting to be ever more common like a practical alternative. Only several race like clownfish are captive-bred using a commercial scale. Much accumulating is finished in Indonesia as well as the Philippines, wherever us going for cyanide and various destructive collection methods, although discouraged, is usually sadly common. The major dwell steel can also be harvested from the wild, plus the latest restrictions about this farm in Florida have caused a shift to be able to Fijian and aquacultured rock. Natural rock, because doing so will be made simply by coral polyps, uses decades in any other case ages in order to form, as well as being an important habitat intended for numerous marine species; thus, commercial-scale harvesting associated with naturally-occurring dwell rock and roll offers happen to be criticized through conservationists. Additionally, many animal variety offered to hobbyists have really distinct eating along with habitat specifications in which cannot always be met by simply hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, the particular moorish idol); all these pets nearly surely perish easily and possess substantially reduced lifespans as compared to outrageous specimens. Often these specific environmental specifications induce incorrectly housed lifestock's colour as well as overall look to get poor. These difficulties will often be downplayed by means of folks and also agencies having a fiscal involvement in your trade. Hobbyists that service conservation must buy solely credentialed net-caught perch (although making sure that legitimacy involving these claims could be difficult) or even captive-raised fish, together with farmed corals as well as to guide reliable ocean preservation efforts. The most of corals can be "fragged", whereby an area of your bigger captive coral is usually separated and also can easily h ereafter always be lifted towards someone specimen, making it possible for pertaining to coral dissemination within the domestic aquarium; that trade in frags (i.e. fragments) provides a wonderful ability for marine aquarists to obtain different and unique corals even though limiting the particular impact on that healthy environment. Rare types as well as those with no record connected with appearing successfully placed with captivity really should be avoided.

Commercial front

Various firms include produced your business entrance for you to fishkeeping, certainly number one getting Marineland, Inc. With that advancement of substantial scale organization surgical procedures focusing upon reproduction enormous quantities associated with specimens, marine fishkeeping is now far more common than ever before. Perhaps the largest turndown inside marine fishkeeping may be the first startup cost. A 100 US gallon (400 L) deep sea reservoir 100 % of coral and equipment can easily charge more than $2,500 US. Aside on the difficulty, that is the substantial factor as to why freshwater fishkeeping is usually still so popular matched against it has the marine counterpart.

References as well as additional reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by simply Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, through Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, simply by Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, through Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide in order to Selection, Care in addition to Compatibility, by means of Anthony Calfo as well as Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, along with Natural History, by Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by way of John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish plus Aquaria: Marine on the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, some sort of Reef Keeping wiki serviced from the Marine Aquarium Societies with Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, your web page supplying information, specifications, reviews along with DIY Plans intended for Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, an affiliate site providing details and giving methods with the coldwater marine aquarium tank hobbyist

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Aquarium and also fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater aquarium Marine tank Brackish water aquarium tank Community container Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium machines and furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep stone dust truck bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood in addition to Driftwood Airstone Live are insane Substrate Fishcam Aquarium fish feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy species of fish Dither fish Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical species of fish Coldwater bass Painted fish

Fish food

Flake meal Feeder species of fish Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List with freshwater fish tank sea food varieties List involving freshwater aquarium place types List of freshwater fish tank invertebrate species List associated with marine aquarium species of fish variety List of brackish tank fish varieties List of aquarium diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning activates Reef harmless MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium associated companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles having supplemental references from July two thousand and seven | All articles or blog posts seeking additional recommendations | All articles together with unsourced assertions | Articles having unsourced claims from December 2008 | Articles comprising movie clips

Oceanic Aquarium